The present Eurasian continent has been established by the collision of Indian subcontinent and the regression of the Tethys Sea, and also been connected with North American and African continents several times during the Cenozoic era. These connections with other continents led the intercontinental faunal exchanges, producing the complicated evolutionary history of land and marine mammals. On the other hand, the global climatic changes during the Cenozoic era produced not only floral changes but also faunal transition in Eurasia. In this session we will discuss on the topics of evolutionary history of vertebrate animals of the Cenozoic Eurasia including Japan.